Mobile Tracking

Cellphone tracking tracks the current position of a cellular telephone even for your move. To locate the phone, it must give off at least the roaming signal to contact an upcoming nearby antenna tower, but the process does not want an active call. GSM localization is then done by multilateration with regards to the signal strength to adjacent antenna masts. In order to route calls to your phone the cell towers listen for a signal sent from the phone and talk terms which tower is best able to communicate with all the phone. As the phone changes location, the towers monitor the signal and the phone is switched to a different tower as appropriate. By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple towers a general location of a phone can be determined. The technology of tracking is based on measuring power levels and antenna patterns and uses the concept that a cell always communicates wirelessly with one of the closest base stations, so if you know which base station the phone communicates with, you know that the phone is around the respective base station. Advanced systems determine the sector in which the cell resides and roughly estimate also the distance to the base station. Further estimate can be done by interpolating signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a precision of down to 50 meters in urban areas where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers (base stations) is sufficiently high. Rural and desolate areas may see miles between base stations and therefore determine locations less precisely.   Operational purpose.   In order to route calls to a phone the cell towers listen for a signal sent from the phone and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes location, the antenna towers monitor the signal and the phone is roamed to an adjacent tower as correct. By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple antenna towers a general location of a phone can be approximately set. Other means is the antenna pattern that supports angular purpose and phase favouritism. Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when randy and not active in a phone call -. This results from the roaming operations that perform hand over of the phone from one base station to another. The rule of tracking is based on GSM localization.   GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM).   GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for cellphone in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, prices that 82 % of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquitousness makes international roaming very common between cellphone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its harbingers in this both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is named a second generation (2G) cellphone system. This has also meant that digital communication was easy to establish into the system. The ubiquity of the GSM standard is definitely an advantage to both consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many sellers implementing GSM). GSM also initiated a low cost (to the network carrier) alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standards also. Another advantage is that the standard includes one worldwide Emergency phone number ; 112This makes it easier for international travelers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number. Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capablenesses, by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release' 99introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).   GSM security.   GSM was designed with a restrained level of security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as reciprocally authenticating the network and the user whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not the other way around). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and certification, but limited authorization capablenesses, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptological algorithms for security.   Global Positioning System.   The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The GPS uses a configuration of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, which enable GPS receivers to determine their current location, the time, and their velocity (including direction). GPS was developed by the United States Department of Defense. Global Positioning System (GPS) is comprised of 24 U.S. government owned satellites that circle 12,000 miles above the earth, twice a day in precise orbits, so that several are always in view from any position. The system is designed to provide worldwide positioning services with an accuracy ranging from 10 to15 meters. Instant location information enables users to ascertain exactly where their vehicles or assets are at anytime, anywhere in the world. Due to minor timing errors and satellite orbit errors, however, more precise accuracies are unattainable with standard GPS. Atmospheric conditions can also affect GPS signals and their arrival time on Earth.

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